Baltimore: T. R. Gray, 1831. What was the purpose of Nat Turner rebellion? Over the next 36 hours, they were joined by as many as 60 other enslaved and free Negroes, and they killed at least 10 men, 14 women, and 31 infants and children. 2023 TIME USA, LLC. For more info on your Why is Frederick Jackson Turner important? On the night of August 21, together with seven fellow slaves in whom he had put his trust, he launched a campaign of total annihilation, murdering Travis and his family in their sleep and then setting forth on a bloody march toward Jerusalem. The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, Va. 55, 40 In Virginia in August 1831, Nat Turner led the only effective and sustained slave revolt in U.S. history, during which some 60 white persons were slain. After firing his rifle, he discharged his gun at them, and then broke it over the villain who first approached him, but he was overpowered, and slain. The next session of the Virginia Legislature was the scene of several speeches that used the rebellion as reason to call for abolitionincluding one by Thomas Jefferson Randolph, the founding fathers grandson, and C.J. Nat Turner (1800-1831) was known to his local "fellow servants" in Southampton County as "The Prophet." On the evening of Sunday, August 21, 1831, he met six associates in the woods at Cabin Pond, and about 2:00 a.m. they began to enter local houses and kill the white inhabitants. ] For Turner, but not necessarily for everyone who joined his revolt, the Southampton Revolt was part of an unfolding modern biblical drama. Working through a white recorder, Turner used the vehicle of the confessions to impose his prophetic voice on the narrative of the event. Cookie Policy A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? In Southampton county Black people came to measure time from Nats Fray, or Old Nats War. For many years in Black churches throughout the country, the name Jerusalem referred not only to the Bible but also covertly to the place where the rebel slave had met his death. What factors led to the ultimate defeat of Nat Turner? How did most whites in Southampton view Nat Turner? What are some positive impacts Nat Turner? He paid taxes on 2 horses and 14 slaves that were older than 12 that spring. Grays pamphlet, he wrote, would only serve to rouse up other black leaders and cause other insurrections, by creating among blacks admiration for the character Nat, and a deep undying sympathy for his cause.. By noon of Tuesday, August 23, the insurgents had been killed, captured, or dispersed by local militia. Historians and literary critics subjected the pamphlet to close scrutiny and, in several provocative and pathbreaking studies, suggested radically new possibilities for interpretation. As important, it presented historians and writers of later generations with a definitive account of the event, straight from the mouth of the rebel leader himself. He recounts the "Confession" in the first person, hoping thereby to simulate Turner's voice (p. 7). The General is said to have manifested the utmost composure, the U.S. Gazette reported, and with the true spirit of heroism seems ready to resign his high office, and even his life, rather than gratify the officious inquiries of the Governor. In refusing to make a full, free, and voluntary confession, Gabriel deprived posterity of his perspective on the event that bears his name. It was later published. Likewise, it gave northern abolitionists a Black hero and a martyr for a burgeoning movement. He was asked, if he knew of any extensive or concerted plan. The next day he was delivered to the county sheriff and lodged in the county jail in Jerusalem (now Courtland), Virginia. During the following decade his religious ardour tended to approach fanaticism, and he saw himself called upon by God to lead his people out of bondage. Nat Turner, by contrast, freely and voluntarily confessed his role as mastermind of the 1831 uprising and offered a detailed account of the conspiracy from the perspective of the rebel leader. Turner immediately understood this peculiar event as a signal from God that the time to begin the revolt had arrived. Primary Source Document B - Analysis Questions: 1. Thomas R. Gray, a lawyer and plantation owner assigned as Turner's defense counsel, interviewed Turner during his trial and later published The Confessions of Nat Turner, a pamphlet containing the story of Turner's rebellion from his own point of view. Gray. Turners views on private revelation were not unlike those of his contemporaries Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism, and William Miller, the father of the Adventist movement. Type your requirements and Ill connect you to Once granted an audience with Virginia governor James Monroe, however, Gabriel confessed little or nothing of value to his captors. The biggest was led in 1831 by Nat Turner, a Virginia slave preacher, whose rebels killed 60 whites before he was captured and hanged.. How does Gordon Wood describe the Amercan colonists? Dont waste Your Time Searching For a Sample, The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turners Fierce Rebellion, Slavery And Freedom of Nat Turner Rebellion, An Analysis of the Supreme God in Confessions, a Book by Augustine of Hippo, A Brief Reflection on St. Augustines Confessions, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, "The Tell Tale Heart" by Edgar Allen Poe and "Confessions found In a Prison" by Charles Dicken, Evaluation of St. Augustines Work, Confessions and City of God, The Internal Conflicts with Christianity in the Book, Augustine's Confessions by Augustine of Hippo, An Analysis of the Character Foil between Herald Loomis and Bynum Walker in August Wilson's Joe Turner's Come and Gone. Faulkner who, in speaking of the differences between the North and the South, was particularly prescient: You must adopt some plan of emancipation, he declared, or worse will follow., Get your history fix in one place: sign up for the weekly TIME History newsletter, During the mid-20th century, the Nat Turner story was revisited by many, in the course of the movement for the study of black history in schools, an attempt to remedy the fact that many mainstream textbooks glossed over or omitted major turning points in the history of the U.S. if the people involved were black. The Leader of the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. As Fully and Voluntarily Made to Thomas R. Gray, in the Prison Where He Was Confined, and Acknowledged by Him to be Such when Read Before the Court of Southampton; With the Certificate, Under Seal of the Court Convened at Jerusalem . Dont know where to start? Why was Thomas E. Watson important to the New South? 12. What is the importance of Thomas Gage? The authenticity of this document is something to be contested. Though he may not have been as vicious as Gray portrayed him to be, the description was meant to to bring its object into a field of vision, to make that object speak for itself convincingly and to give it form, character, and tone (Browne, 319). For his effort, he received the 1968 Pulitzer Prize in fiction, but there was also an angry backlash from Black readers who accused Styron, a white southern male whose grandmother had been an enslaver, of racism, especially in his depiction of Turners lust for and killing of a white woman. The eloquently and classically expressed confession attributed to Turner appeared to be calculated to cast some doubt over the authenticity of the narrative, and to give the Bandit a character for intelligence which he does not deserve, and ought not to have received., Still, the Enquirer saw the pamphlet as a useful weapon against northern abolitionists. The author describes Nat as intelligent because of his thinking and highly dangerous because of his actions and how Nat doesn't feel any sorrow for his actions. Thomas Gray Thomas Gray interviewed Nat Turner between his conviction and execution. How did Booker T. Washington impact Georgia? How was George Washington treated by Edward Braddock? Not long afterward, in 1825, Turner had a second vision: I saw white spirits and black spirits engaged in battle, and the sun was darkenedthe thunder rolled, and the blood flowed in streamsand I heard a voice saying, Such is your luck, such you are called to see, and let it come rough or smooth, you must surely bare it. This spirit confronted Turner again in May 1828: I heard a loud noise in the heavens and the Spirit instantly appeared to me and said the Serpent was loosened, and Christ had laid down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and that I should take it on and fight against the Serpent, for the time was fast approaching when the first should be last and the last should be first.. Gray served as Turner's amanuensis, interviewing him over the course of three days, writing down what he said, cross-examining him, and then structuring the narrative as he saw fit. Thomas Gray interviewed Nat Turner between his conviction and execution. Fabricant himself represented the Confessionsof Nat Turner as the work of a white Southern racist dedicated to the political, social, and economic interests of the Southern slaveocracy. He concluded that Grays pamphlet revealed a great deal more about the systematic victimization of blacks that was carried out under the guise of law and justice in early nineteenth-century Virginia than it revealed about the enigmatic figure of Nat Turner. Given the evidence, Grays representation of Turner is far from accurate. Gray depicted Turner as an exceptional figure, distinguished from his followers by his honesty, his commanding intelligence, and his firm belief in the righteousness of his cause. Gray was deeply disturbed by the scenes he observed as the group went through the areas treaded by the rebellion. Nat Turner on His Battle against Slavery. Rhetorical Analysis of the Confessions of Nat Turner. His mother was an African native who transmitted a passionate hatred of slavery to her son. Gray depicts Turner as a religious leader who at a young age was touched by divine greatness, and whose mother concluded that "surely" he would "be a prophet." According to Confessions, a divine spirit also dictated Turner's otherwise unexplainable return after running away in 1825. Return to North American Slave Narratives Home Page, Return to The Church in the Southern Black Community Home Page, Return to The North Carolina Experience Home Page. 13. The Confessions of Nat Turner was a book published by Thomas R. Gray, the court-appointed lawyer for Turner. Describe the government under William the Conqueror. Magazines, Digital Taught to read and write at an early age, Turner devoted himself to prayer and study and, over time, separated himself from society with his fellow enslaved laborers. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Perhaps Turners religious separation from the black community can help make sense of perhaps the most surprising thing about Turners religion: the only disciple that Turner named in his Confessions was Etheldred T. Brantley, a white man. Even though Turners situation was a unique one, slave owners at the time had to recognize the potentiality for violence iven the peculiar mix of social, psychological, and racial tensions shaping life on the antebellum plantation thus required a certain logic with which threats to that way of life might be explained (Browne, 316). Efforts to canonize the original Confessions of Nat Turneras a great work of American literature in the 1990s reflected its rising stature within the academy. In 1827 he had 23 taxable slaves. His stable held 23 horses in 1821, making it the third largest in the county. March of 1830 he was living in town on Main Street. How did Frederick Jackson Turner influence American society? How were Harriet Tubman and Elizabeth Blackwell alike? I looked on him and my blood curdled in my veins. The story began, Turner said, in his childhood, when he had an experience that seemed to his family an indication of the powers of prophesy. These confessions were intended to create a powerful, yet vicious, image of Turner and his reasons for initiating such a devastating. The text was taken from a jailhouse account given by Turner in 1831, shortly before his death. He makes no attempt (as all the other insurgents who were examined did,) to exculpate himself, but frankly acknowledges his full participation in all the guilt of the transaction, he wrote. Also, Turner thought it was God's will for him to lead a During a span of approximately thirty-six hours, on August 21-22, a band of enslaved people murdered over fifty unsuspecting white people around Southampton, Virginia. One confession of Nat Turner is important, they wrote. How did A. Philip Randolph confront Roosevelt? Advertising Notice In a field one day, he found drops of blood on the corn as though it were dew from heaven. When he saw leaves in the woods hieroglyphic characters, and numbers, with the forms of men in different attitudes, portrayed in blood, he was reminded of figures I had seen in the heavens.. Turner described himself as uncommonly intelligent for a child (Gray, 6). How were the views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. The repercussions of the rebellion in the South were severe: many slaves who had no involvement in the rebellion were murdered out of suspicion or revenge. The calm way he spoke of his late actions, the expression of his fiend-like face when excited by enthusiasm, still bearing the stains of the blood of helpless innocence about him. He published The Confessions of Nat Turner, the leader of the late insurrection in Southampton, Va., as fully and voluntarily made to Thomas R. Gray in November 1831, after Turner had been executed. Gray said there was 55 white people killed in each of his 4 revisions (remaining consistent) and he also gave the names of 18 of them. Nat's first master was Samuel Turner, a wealthy Virginia aristocrat who believed in educating his slaves. As a result, a white lawyer, Thomas R. Gray, arranged to go to the jail where Turner was held awaiting his trial and take down what Turner described as a history of the motives which induced me to undertake the late insurrection. Over the last decade, scholars working with other sources and doing close textual analysis of The Confessions of Nat Turner have become increasingly confident that Gray transcribed Turners confession, with, as Gray claimed, little or no variation.. (She was found next to a pile of bodies). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Through Gray, Turner successfully manipulated the insecurities of the master class to broadcast his message. Nat turner was a leader and he did help slaves to be free. His book, The Land Shall Be Deluged in Blood: A New History of the Nat Turner Revolt, was published by Oxford University Press in 2015. Perhaps for similar reasons, when blacks referred Turner at the trials, they called him Captain Nat or General Nat, instead of alluding to his religious position as a preacher or a prophet. Gray met with Turner at the jail on November 1, introduced the Confessions as evidence at Turners trial on November 5, and secured a copyright for his pamphlet on November 10, the day before Turner was hanged. Alleging to have told a story "when three or four years old" about an event that occurred before his birth in such detail that those around him were "greatly astonished," Turner states that the adults around him proclaimed he would be a "prophet, as the Lord had shewn me things that had happened before my birth" (p. 7). How were Thomas Sankara and Fred Hampton different? It ought to teach [William Lloyd] Garrison and the other fanatics of the North how they meddle with these weak wretches. Garrison, for his part, read the Confessionsof Nat Turner as a testimonial to the heroic stature of Turner. Virginia Humanities acknowledges the Monacan Nation, the original people of the land and waters of our home in Charlottesville, Virginia. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? Well occasionally send you promo and account related email. His "Confession," dictated to physician Thomas R. Gray, was taken while he. The negroes found fault, and murmurred against me, saying that if they had my sense they would not serve any master in the world.. While Turner acknowledged Gray's rendering of his confession as "full, free, and voluntary" during his trial, there can be no doubt that Turner's execution was inevitable, regardless of his confession, given the climate in the state following the insurrection (p. 5). Most slaves could not read. Home | Although the book is a primary source, future historians and literary scholars have found bias in Gray's writing indicating that Gray had not portrayed Turner's voice as much as he claimed he did. How does John Reed describe Pancho Villa? Ironically, The Confessions of Nat Turner also sparked renewed interest in the original Confessions of Nat Turner. Turner, who saw the revolt in Biblical terms, never reconciled himself to this date. With the eclipse, the seal was removed from my lips, and I communicated the great work laid out for me to do, to four in whom I had the greatest confidence, the first conspirators to join his plot. He argues that the revolt was an isolated event solely fueled by Turners religious extremism and not retaliation against the institution of slavery. When he was 21 his father gave him 400 acres at Round Hill where there was a structure worth about $50. The Church in the Southern Black Community. Grays chilling reaction to Turners confession suggests the type of panic this document created amongst whites slaveholders throughout various parts of the United States. Mr. John T. Baron, discovering them approaching his house, told his wife to make her escape, and scorning to fly, fell fighting on his own threshold. The incident ended the Emancipation movement in that . All Rights Reserved. Gray attributed the insurrection to religious enthusiasm and fanaticism of a mind warped and perverted by the influence of early impressions. That Turner was every bit the madman he appeared to be, Gray had little doubt. To those who thought Turner ignorant, Gray responded: He certainly never had the advantages of education, but he can read and write, (it was taught to him by his parents,) and for natural intelligence and quickness of apprehension, is surpassed by few men I have seen., Gray disputed any suggestion that Turner acted out of base motives, that his object was to murder and rob for the purpose of obtaining money to make his escape. He is a complete fanatic., But, even then, some saw his fanaticism in a different context. This was the second time since 1800, when a rebellion planned by a Henrico County slave named Gabriel was thwarted, that white Virginians had experienced the chaos and terror of a conspiracy of enslaved people. Turner claims that, as an adult, the Spirit revealed to him "the knowledge of the elements," with the promise of much more (p. 10). How were Booker T. Washington and Ben Franklin similar? His neighbors saw stars in the sky, not realizing that according to Turner, they were really the lights of the Saviour's hands, stretched forth from east to west. More often Turner looked at prodigiesor unusual natural phenomenaas indirect messages from God. Doomed from the start, Turners insurrection was handicapped by lack of discipline among his followers and by the fact that only 75 Blacks rallied to his cause. In a prefatory note To the Public, Gray spelled out his aims. Turner has been most widely popularized by William Styron in his novel The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967). Local lawyer Thomas R. Gray approached Turner with a plan to take down his confessions. The late insurrection in Southampton has greatly excited the public mind, and led to a thousand idle, exaggerated and mischievous reports. Another interesting thing about the confessions is the speaking style Gray claims Turners confessed the events of the insurgence in. Corrections? [2], Gray wanted to live at Round Hill (his dad's house was located here) instead of being involved in law. The Confessions of Nat Turner, the leader of the late insurrection in Southampton, Va., as fully and voluntarily made to Thomas R. Gray is a pamphlet published shortly after the trial and execution of Nat Turner in November 1831. How did Sir Thomas More change the world? Slavery and Resistance Through History Quiz, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nat-Turner, Nat Turner - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nat Turner - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). By August 23, the revolt was Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. On August 21, 1831, Turner led a small army that used axes, hatchets, knives, and muskets to kill 55 white Virginians. Land and waters of our home in Charlottesville, Virginia lodged in the first person, hoping thereby to Turner. 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