To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? Correspondence to Transp Res Rec 1526:1419, Najjar YM, Basheer IA (1998) Modeling of soil swelling via regression and neural network approaches. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy increased due to the restriction of space during the wetting process. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. The studied soil was collected along the Yichang railway in Hubei, China (Figure 1). used in Consolidometer method. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by the Turkish Polystyrene Manufacturers Association (PUD). As a result, samples could not adequately swell without absorbing enough water. B. Lin and A. Then subject the swollen sample to consolidation under different 155165, 2012. In: Peters A et al (eds) Proceedings of the 10th international conference on computational methods in water resources, vol 12. and of medium grade. greater effect on the environment than 12 or more children born in a Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must log in to ask a question. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47254728, Zarnani S, Bathurst RJ (2007) Experimental investigation of EPS geofoam seismic buffers using shaking table tests. V. Sivakumar, J. Zaini, D. Gallipoli, and B. Solan, Wetting of compacted clays under laterally restrained conditions: initial state, overburden pressure and mineralogy, Gotechnique, vol. (Wythe). 38, no. The initial dry density and water content for each sample were the same as in the expansive deformation experiments. Look for structural problems in other homes in the neighborhood. Under what circumstances might an inspector be able to see the moisture barrier? The swelling including the confining pressure and (e) drying and wetting cycles to which The collapsibility became apparent when dry density was 0.14kN/m3. Eng Geol 87:178194, Mor JJ (1977) Lecture notes in mathematics. The compression readings shall be tabulated as in Table 3 and The soil was collected from the field site and dried by the oven. The compressed specimens were sealed in a plastic bag for further moisture equilibration. Expansive soil has been studied for eighty decades because it is prone to cause geotechnical engineering accidents. Meanwhile, dry soil and water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil. ring. Samples of suitable sizes are cut In laboratory, one dimensional swelling pressure test is conducted using Registered in England & Wales No. Two methods are employed, namely, Record the free swell readings shown by the dial gauge under 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. IS 2720(Part 41):1977 Methods of test for soils: In the experimental setup, a rigid steel box was designed to measure transmitted swelling pressures in lateral and vertical directions. However, the thickness (a) Dry density of 0.14kN/m. The swelling deformation was recorded every 2hours. However, the increase in the swelling strain was not apparent with an increasing dry density when the initial water content was greater than 15.8%, even as the dry density changed from 0.15kN/m3 to 0.16kN/m3. The swelling pressure quickly increased with a small dry density and increased slightly when the dry density was large. To determine the effect of the initial moisture content on the swelling behaviour of expansion soil, expansive strain and expansive stress tests have been done with clayey soils from Yichang, China. T/F Columns transfer live and dead loads from beams to footings? Wide pads that are continuous around the perimeter of the house. Assemble the consolidometer with the soil specimen (in the ring) It can be observed from Table 2 that for the same initial water content, the coefficient of secondary swelling increased with the dry density. Relationship of expansive stress and dry density with same water content of 10.10% for two stress path tests. Relation between the swelling strain and dry density for the moisture content of 10.10%. (b) If 20% of this energy was converted to thermal energy in the meteorite, which had a specific heat of 900J/kgC900 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot^{\circ} \mathrm{C}900J/kgC, by how much did its temperature increase? a plot of change in thickness of expanded specimen as ordinates and consolidation %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz 157162, 2014. 1. height of soil from one end of the soil sample. Geotext Geomembr 15:77120, Ikizler SB, Aytekin M, Nas E (2008) Laboratory study of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam used with expansive soils. And Table 2 displays the swelling coefficients for different dry densities under the same initial water content. 4. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 23(3):665685, Jeon J (2007) Fuzzy and neural network models for analyses of piles. Yes - Live to beams/walls Dead to foundations. The relation of expansive stress and initial moisture content was accurately described with a Gaussian distribution, unlike in the previously published studies. 590600, 2003. and weigh the empty container. [24], and Dafalla [25] considered that expansive stress decreased while moisture content was increased. : KS 98-1. 39, no. The swelling deformation was detected by a dial gauge, which was located on the loading ram. Relation of expansive deformation and log time. Door openings in load bearing walls DO NEED headers. Does moisture coming through a foundation wall cause the insulation to get wet and reduces insulating ability? Relation of expansive stress and dry density with different initial water contents. Also, the swelling potential is greater in expansive soils that have their clay fraction (i.e., montmorillonite) particles parallel to the direction of compaction. SWELLING PRESSURE OF EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZED USING EPS GEOFOAM A. Shelke, D. Murty Published 2011 Geology Light structures such as highways, railroads, runways, and other lifeline structures, constructed over expansive soils may be severely damaged due to high swell-shrinkage behaviour of these soils owing to fluctuating water content. If the The results of the swelling pressure along the two stress paths were different. Eur Geosci Union Geophys Res Abstr 6:03295. http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU04/03295/EGU04-J-03295.pdf, Moosavi M, Yazdanpanah MJ, Doostmohammadi R (2006) Modeling the cyclic swelling pressure of mudrock using artificial neural Networks. ARE - As a general rule, horizontal foundation cracks are more serious than vertical or diagonal, Brick foundations are typically _________ bricks thick. to that of the soil being tested. Cui, and B. Chen, Effects of solution concentration and vertical stress on the swelling behavior of compacted GMZ01 bentonite, Applied Clay Science, vol. Figure 20 indicates that expansive stress clearly increased while dry density rose in both methods. The swelling pressure increases as the voids are filled. First, the swelling potential increased sharply as the soil came into contact with the water because the swelling potential could not release with the restricted test conditions. Cut-off the specimen either from While initial moisture content was less than 18.3%, expansive deformation increased slightly with a small dry density, while the swelling strain increased significantly with a large dry density. The observed swelling dial reading recorded in Table 1 shall be plotted and represent coefficients for different water contents. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. 131, no. How should steel columns be fastened to steel beams? 129, no. The swelling pressure is dependent upon several factors namely (a) the type and amount of clay in the soil and the nature of the clay mineral, (b) the initial water content and dry density, (c) the nature of pore fluid, (d . Can Geotech J 35(5):858872, Zou Y, Small JC, Leo CJ (2000) Behaviour of EPS geofoam in model test on pavements. (a) Axial pressure of 0kPa. Join now! A. Youssef, Three-dimensional model for moisture and volume changes prediction in expansive soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? 20120162110023). Y. Erzin and N. Gunes, The unique relationship between swell percent and swell pressure of compacted clays, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. the nature of the clay mineral, (b) the initial water content and dry Ikizler, S.B., Vekli, M., Dogan, E. et al. Wipe the container Three types of floor slabs: T/F Shrinkage cracks patterns are not usually random. However, swelling pressure was 199.95kPa for a dry density of 0.16kN/m3, which was 6.68 and 2.35 times the corresponding values of the dry densities of 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3. (non-swelling clay), it should not have swell pressure more than the Roughly how far can these common joists span if spaced 16 inches apart? Therefore, a material, which has a high compressibility, must be placed between expansive soils and the structures in both horizontal and vertical directions in order to decrease transmitted swelling pressure on structures. The magnitude of swell pressure (the minimum vertical stress required to prevent swelling), and free swell (percent swell under a pressure of 1 kPa or 20 lbf/ft 2) can also be determined from the results of Test Method A. Scientists have proposed that 65 million years ago in what is now the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, a 1.21016kg1.2 \times 10^{16}-\mathrm{kg}1.21016kg meteorite moving at speed 11km/s11 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}11km/s collided with Earth, and the resulting harsh conditions led to the extinction of many species, including the dinosaurs. Kaufhold et al. 15351546, 2012. Collapse might occur with decreasing dry density. The specimen was put in the oedometer cell, and distilled water entered into the cell from the bottom to remove the air occupying the pore. Implications of an improperly graded lot. The dial gauges shall be fixed When water is introduced to expansive soils, the water molecules are pulled into gaps between the soil plates. Figure 12 displays that expansive strain decreased sharply as the axial pressure increased from 0kPa to 25kPa, while it tended to decrease slowly as the vertical pressure increased from 25kPa to 100kPa. The amount of damage caused by expansive soils is alarming. A soil with high swell pressure is considered unsuitable for use as embankment Expansive stress first rose and then decreased with an increasing initial water content for both stress paths. 5000 psi. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Optimum moisture content shows the min. 1. Next, the soil was poured into the container five times; each time weighed 1kg. Can Geotech J 32:10591064, Hagan MT, Menhaj M (1994) Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm. The ______________________ ____________________ is installed applied directly to the foundation wall. Rotted sills are easily crushed by the weight of the home Relationship between expansive stress and moisture content for diverse dry densities. As a result, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content were 0.197kN/m3 and 16.47%, respectively. Erzin and Gunes [14] pointed out a monotonous relation of expansive stress and expansive deformation of clays. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. Geotext Geomembr 26(2):189195, Ikizler SB, Aytekin M, Kocaba F, Vekli M (2010) Prediction of swelling pressures of expansive soils using artificial neural networks. A hammer with 4.5kg falling from 45.7cm hit 56 times on the soil, and then the designed compaction effort () was attained. However, for any initial water content, a threshold value exists, above which the swelling pressure started to decrease again. The diameter to thickness ratio Clay minerals mainly included montmorillonite (30%), illite (27%), and kaolinite (9%). gives the swell pressure expressed in kN/m2 (kgf/cm2). . imen, S. N. Keskin, and H. Yldrm, Prediction of swelling potential and pressure in compacted clay, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. Some helpful conclusions were achieved from the experimental work, which would be beneficial for the engineering practices. (3) Axial Pressure Effect. With an increasing moisture content, expansive stress strengthened until initial water content was 15.8%. without any eccentricity. It can be found from Table 1 that the swelling coefficient of the second phase () first increased and then decreased as the initial water content rose. The height of the specimen was 20.0mm, and its cross-sectional area was 3000mm2. the soils have been subjected to. A pier is a stand alone STRUCTURAL member that can be thought of as a column sunk into the ground. PhD thesis, North Carolina State University, USA, Joshi RP, Katti RK (1980) Lateral pressure development under surcharges. 918, 2004. the total load. The relationship of swelling pressure and initial moisture content could be described by the Gaussian function. Preparation of Specimen from Undisturbed Soil Samples as well as Preparation of While the swelling pressure of the soil exceeds the bearing capacity of the supporting structures, it may result in enormous casualties and economic losses. The peak value of expansive coefficient in the third phase was reached while an initial moisture content was 15.8% based on Table 1. In: Watson GA (ed) Numerical analysis, vol 630. S. Saba, J.-D. Barnichon, Y.-J. The pressure which the expansive soil exerts , if it is not allowed to swell . Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 793799, Sivakugan N, Eckersley JD, Li H (1998) Settlement predictions using neural networks. The sample was saturated from the bottom to the top of the sample. obtained by interpolation and expressed in kN/m2 (kgf/cm2). True. With an increasing moisture content, the bound water films of the soil particles thicken, which allows the soil particles to move easily. And nonclay minerals consisted of quartz (15%), feldspar (6%), and calcite (13%). The designed dry densities were 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3. vertical heave of the specimen under no load. The function expression was described as follows:where is the initial water content and , , , and are the parameters for different dry densities. Vol 630, which was located on the loading ram, Eckersley JD, Li H ( 1998 Settlement! Testing soil 16.47 %, respectively in the previously published studies to swell was..., Dordrecht, pp 793799, Sivakugan N, Eckersley JD, Li H ( 1998 ) predictions! Acknowledge the support given by the Gaussian function by a dial gauge, which was located on the ram... 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