A storm is natural, so nature will take its course. Larger branches should be pruned carefully without tearing the bark, for better wound closure and for personal safety. Enjoy this tree in USDA Hardiness Zones 4 through 8. Learn how The Morton Arboretum is ensuring the future of trees through leading-edge science and conservation. 222879 / SC038262. The cut should be made on the branch side of what is called the stem collar. Do not top shade trees. How To Prune A Yellowwood Tree. Pruning during the late fall or early winter puts less stress on the tree, since it minimizes sap loss. Podocarpus henkelii (Henkel's yellowwood, Afrikaans: Henkel-se-Geelhout, Xhosa: Umsonti, Zulu: Umsonti) is a South African species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. Use it to try out great new products and services nationwide without paying full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more. The species name "latifolius" is Latin for . Cut close to the branch collar, the swollen area at the base of the branch, when pruning. Company number 4070377. A good time marker is to prune after the leaves have fallen off the tree. The color is normally white, but can be pink. For tips on how to make cuts without damaging your tree, read on! Although it flowers best in full sun, yellowwood does well growing in the forest. If the decision has been made to prune or remove a branch, then a decision has to be made when to carry out the work. Wright holds a graduate diploma in environmental horticulture from the University of Melbourne, Australia, and a Master of Science in public horticulture from the University of Delaware. Almond, Apricot, Peach, Plum) and Silver leaf. References The branches tend to grow close to each other and the wood can be brittle. Conifers will only put out new shoots from green wood. A cultivar with light pink, 10 to 15 inch pendulous flowers. This can cause root rot and harm the plant. If you have any other questions, please contact us at hayley.sperling@wiscontext.org. Leaves are bright green in summer, turning clear yellow in fall. Approved. Be sure you keep growing points in each of the cuttings. Yellowwood is native to North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee, as well as scattered areas of Illinois, Indiana, and the southern states. Full sun is best to encourage flowering. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. Read on to learn the basics. In the past, it was used as a dye to color homespun fabrics. Republished articles may not be edited, except to fit an organization's style requirements, to address relative differences in time and/or location, or to shorten it. It was formerly known as Cladrastis lutea. Copyright 2023 The Arboricultural Association. A list of Arboricultural Association ARB Approved Contractors is available on our web site at www.trees.org.uk/Find-a-professional, Figure 1 Optimum position of the final pruning cut. Pruning during the summer will slow the growth of the cut branch, so it's a good strategy if you're trying to shape your tree or slow the growth of branches you don't want. Flat, papery, brown pods contain four to six seeds and are 2 to 4 inches long. The sugars produced are transported throughout the tree via the inner bark area, known as the phloem, to where they are required; sugars not immediately required are stored within the trunk, branches and rooting system. In general, pruning of apples ( Malus species), pears ( Pyrus species) and quince ( Cydonia oblongata) is best carried out in . Alternate, oddly-pinnate compound leaves are 8 to 12 inches long. If this tree isn't pruned, it will start to fall apart after 30 years. The yellowwood tree provides ample shade and is an effective specimen tree. Putting a layer of mulch on top of the soil will help retain moisture. Next, saw downward all the way through the branch farther out, removing the weight from the branch. Chinese yellow wood (Cladrastis sinensis) bears white flowers with blushes of pink tones and matures 70 feet tall and 20 to 30 feet wide. . Some great places for these poppies include under large shrubs or trees. Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea). You can do "hard pruning" where you take up to 30% of the tree top You can see the structure of the tree much easier when all the leaves are off the tree. For anything larger than 23 inches (5.17.6cm) use a tree saw. Other common names for yellow wood include American yellow wood, virgilia and gopherwood. Shrubs should be pruned in their dormant stage when they aren't producing and are preparing to overwinter. As the tree produces an annual ring of growth, so does the branch, strengthening the attachment of the branch to the tree. Plant a yellow wood tree in a sunny location where the soil is fertile and well-draining. This will break the bark at that point and prevent a tear from running along the bark and stem tissue. Take these steps for adequate pruning: This tree does not have many pest or disease issues that crop up. Avoid any pruning if possible. Note that the branches of the yellowwood are highly susceptible to ice storm damage. If photos, graphics or data visualizations are not credited to WisContext or its partners or their staff, they may only be republished per their original copyright restrictions. Work with the natural habit of the tree to shorten or remove branches. Potentially dangerous limbs can, in theory, be removed without permission but the penalties for breaching the legislations, inadvertently or not, can be severe. We strongly recommend that you use an accredited ARB Approved Contractor or AA Registered Consultant who has been vetted and approved by the Arboricultural Association. There are two ways to do this. Plant a yellow wood tree in a sunny location where the soil is fertile and well-draining. Are you looking for a colorful plant to fill the shaded space under your shrubs? The three-point cut method is best when pruning larger limbs: The first cut should be made 12-18 inches from a branch's point of attachment, and should be an undercut that reaches halfway through the branch. Andrew Carberry is a Food Systems Expert and the Senior Program Associate at the Wallace Centere at Winrock International in Little Rock, Arkansas. Management Solutions, Software and Survey Equipment, Tree Supplies, Planting Sundries and Aftercare. The Tree is a deciduous tree, it will be up to 25 m (82 ft) high. ", How to Survive an Encounter with an Ostrich, https://www.arborday.org/trees/tips/when-to-prune.cfm, https://www.treesaregood.org/treeowner/pruningyourtrees, https://www.bhg.com/gardening/trees-shrubs-vines/care/how-to-prune-trees/, https://extension.umn.edu/planting-and-growing-guides/pruning-trees-and-shrubs, https://extension.umn.edu/planting-and-growing-guides/pruning-trees-and-shrubs#use-the-right-tools-for-pruning-1336765. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Helpful examples and graphics. Shoots will not grow from old wood therefore prune lightly, Avoid any pruning if possible as buds only at shoot tips. The Arboricultural Association is a registered charity no. When cutting branches more than 1 inch in diameter, avoid tearing or stripping bark by using a pruning saw and the three-cut method shown below. Youll need pruning shears to cut branches less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter and a hand saw to remove branches up to 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter. You can grow Icee Blue as a specimen lawn tree. As a general rule of thumb, no more than one third of a tree's total crown should be removed at one time. Each compound leaf comprises seven to nine oval leaflets. It's important to do it correctly, so you don't end up damaging the tree. Only stack healthy logs as animal habitats. past, the underside cut. Branches, "Bleeding" And The Best Way To Cut. It's as if the tree can only intermittently sustain such a showstopping production. Yellowwood makes a great shade tree. Culture: This tree prefers deep, moist, fertile, well-drained loam or moist sandy soil with a medium acid pH. Keep the soil moist with regular watering. Its mature size will reach 30 to 50 feet high and equally as wide, forming into a vase shape. A tree is a dynamic living organism that has a self-supporting woody stem. Make a small wedge shaped cut on the underside of the branch just on the branch side of the stem collar. not want to harm it. Growing Podocarpus henkelii Podocarpus henkelii is a very neat decorative tree suitable for both home gardens and large landscapes. (WisContext often uses, If you share the republished story on social media, please mention @wiscontext on. WisContext occasionally republishes articles produced by other news organizations. A member of the legume family, Fabaceae, the yellow wood (Cladrastis kentukea) has a botanical name synonym of Cladrastis lutea. Several types of growths on trees should be pruned, including any crossing branches, water sprouts (shoots growing from trunk or older branches), root suckers (shoots growing from roots) and double leaders (two equal-sized main stems). After the blooms are pollinated, they form brownleguminous pods. Do not attempt to control the height of a large tree by shearing the top. Pruning in Anticipation of Growth Stimulation In general, except for the cases already cited, the best time to prune is when the plant will recover the fastest. If you would like to move them to new locations, be sure they are 10- to 12-inches apart so as not to steal nutrients from their neighboring poppies. Remove branch stubs Avoid topping trees. Peeling bark: Bark may peel on lower main bay tree stems following harsh . For thicker branches, you can use a small chainsaw. The Arboretum has the expertise and advice to help you beautify your home landscape, improve your community, and advocate for trees. This is the small lip of bark that each branch protrudes from. WisContext serves the residents of Wisconsin, providing information and insight into issues as they affect the state. WisContext articles may not be sold. It has a natural tendency to branch low-down, making a multi-trunk tree, but that can be modified by early pruning. At the top of each of our available stories, you will see a button labeled "republish." Full sun is best to encourage flowering. If there is a branch that is growing parallel to the stem of the tree, it should be pruned. Though delicate looking, its a hardy little plant and will winter through freezing temperatures. The counter does not track any personal information or other user data we use it to know the URL of articles that are republished. On the plant's growing season, pinch the shoots to encourage thicker growth. Pruning done during the dormant season tends to have an invigorating effect on tree growth. These cause clutter and are not healthy. For medium size (1"+diameter) use lopping shears (anvil or bypass). I'd keep the plants 6' from the wall (to accommodate growth) and space them 6-10' apart. Pruning should generally occur after the leaves have flushed and hardened, so late spring through summer. Although cut ends may "bleed" and be unsightly to look at, they don't cause any harm to the tree's health. Each leaf will measure up to 12 inches long and will be made up of seven to 11 leaflets. I learned how to trim it successfully, as I did, "Gave me the confidence to take a crack at pruning my own tree. Come discover lush, green landscapes, and find respite and inspiration in the shade of towering trees. Prune to promote plant health Remove dead or dying branches injured by disease, severe insect infestation, animals, storms, or other adverse mechanical damage. Plant in average moist garden soil and protect from winter winds as branch damage may occur. In autumn the foliage turns golden-yellow to brown. It's an important and essential step in maintaining your trees' health. American yellowwood is an underused but valuable garden tree. When temperatures warm in late winter and early spring, it's a good time to take advantage of these conditions to plan tree pruning. It is distinct to every different article, so make sure you are using the appropriate code. Remove any suckers, which look like small stems, that grow up from the ground or base of the trunk. Its deep roots do not rob water from shrubs and perennials growing beneath it. May be difficult to find in nurseries. Although seldom fatal, this is unsightly and can weaken the tree. Yellowwood is a medium- to large-sized tree, 30 to 50 feet high, with smooth bark, large hanging clusters of fragrant white flowers, and clear yellow fall color. Perkins Pink Yellowwood was raised from a seed of that tree and was introduced in the 1930s. \r\rIf you liked this episode, please leave us a rating and a review in your podcast player.\r\rDiscover more podcasts like this at Circle270Media Network - http://www.circle270media.com Step one: Select the branch that you want to remove. All rights reserved. If wikiHow has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. Fertilizer can't hurt, just be sure not to purchase one bad for insects, because the bugs might be helpful. This technique is called "drop-crotching.". They are fragrant and resemble the flowers of a wisteria vine. The larger branches will be cut in three steps. Most have yellowish wood, occasionally brownish or reddish; they are often known locally as brown . Plant a yellow wood tree in a sunny location where the soil is fertile and well-draining. Somewhat farther along the branch, starting at the top of the branch, cut all the way through the branch leaving a stub end. The yellow wood poppy is often confused for celandine, Ranunculus ficaria. The tree roots absorb water and other essential nutrients and minerals from the soil, which are then transported to the leaves via tubular vessels called xylem. If you want, however, you can add liquid fertilizer monthly during the growing season to help promote more growth and blooming. To prune a yellowwood tree, start by removing any dead, diseased, or damaged branches. The Kentucky Yellowwood is botanically called Cladrastis kentukea (lutea). If a large diameter branch is removed, the risk of disease entering the wound increases. Left unpruned, you can expect slow growth 15-25 ft. tall by 15-25 ft. wide. This will reduce the risk of the branch tearing down the stem and leaving an unsightly and potentially damaging wound; the final pruning cut can then be made at the branch bark ridge and branch collar. He is a graduate of the College of William and Mary and holds a Masters degree in public health and nutrition from the University of Tennessee. But if you trim back the branches after they've bloomed, this will stop your plants from self-seeding. Maples, walnuts, birches, beeches, hornbeams, and yellowwood are known as "bleeders". 5. The best time to prune a tree is during the dormant season, or late winter through early spring. Thank you for sharing! The Royal Horticultural Society is the UKs leading gardening charity. Yellow wood poppy seedlings should be planted in the spring. When removing a branch, the final cut should be made from the branch bark ridge to the branch collar, along the red dotted line in figure 1. Please do not sell advertising against WisContext articles, but they may be republished online or in print with existing ads. All Rights Reserved. Yellowwood grows to an average height of 30 feet and spreads out just as far. This includes uprooting your original plant and creating multiple plants from the one. Newest growth can be removed during the spring. Better value for money will be hard to find, and we know you will love our information because it was borne out of a passion and dedication for our wonderful plant heritage. 1083845. Pest/Disease: No major concerns. 3. Some years, the blossoms will be plentiful; other years, there will be sparse to none. How to Prune. Yellowwood is tolerant of high pH soils. Propagating yellow wood poppy from seeds is easy. This advice is suitable for open-grown ornamental trees. e.g. American woody plant expert Dr. Michael Dirr remarks that yellow wood (Cladrastis kentukea) "produces one of the most spectacular shows of large flowering trees" in the springtime. Cut the branch off about 2-3 inches from the initial cut. Remove these latter branches in the following year. Further advice can be found on our website at www.trees.org.uk/Help-and-Advice, The Malthouse, Stroud Green, Standish, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire GL10 3DL, Arboricultural Association Ltd. A company registered in England at The Malthouse, Stroud Green, Standish, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire GL10 3DL, UK. You can also prune the suckers which grow off the lower trunk since they use a lot of the tree . Plant a different tree instead. How to remove tree branches and limbs Wear protective gloves and, if necessary, eye and head protection When cutting a stem, cut just above a healthy bud, pair of buds or side shoot. Pruning a tree can improve its appearance, prevent pests and disease, and help the tree grow strong and healthy. A Yellowwood planted on the grounds of the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Watertown, Massachusetts is where this variety came from. This must remain intact. The trunk and weak-wooded branches of a yellow wood tree visually resemble those of an American beech. American woody plant expert Dr. Michael Dirr remarks that yellow wood (Cladrastis kentukea) "produces one of the most spectacular shows of large flowering trees" in the springtime. WisContext is a service of Wisconsin Public Radio and PBS Wisconsin. It is hardy in Zones 4 to 8. Therefore we prune to achieve one or more of the following: Keep the fruit tree small and highly productive. American Yellowwood Care Protect yellowwood from strong winds. This will reduce the risk of the branch tearing down the stem and leaving an unsightly and potentially damaging wound; the final pruning cut can then be made at the branch bark ridge and branch collar. The American Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea) may be America's most inherently valuable native tree for landscaping. Unless a storm breaks more branches, you shouldn't prune more than once, since the tree needs time to recover. An excellent specimen, lawn or screen tree. In most cases, you'd prune them in late winter or the earlier part of spring when it's still cool outside. Copyright 2023, Wisconsin Educational Communications Board and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Unit price available starting from 2 units purchased. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. It was formerly known as, City parkway, Residential and parks, Wide median, Medium tree (25-40 feet), Large tree (more than 40 feet), Zone 4, Zone 5 (Northern Illinois), Zone 6 (City of Chicago), Zone 7, Zone 8, Alkaline soil, Clay soil, Dry sites, Road salt, Wet sites, Highly susceptible to ice damage, May be difficult to find in nurseries, Weak wood and branch structure, Susceptible to ice storm damage, can develop splitting at the crotch of the tree. As a bloomer and small shade tree, it deserves greater recognition and consideration for its fine qualities. Click on the membership option of your choice above to sign up - its quick and easy!. The second cut should be made a few inches outside the first cut, away from the trunk, and should be all the way through the major portion of the branch, severing it completely. Note that the branches of the yellowwood are highly susceptible to ice storm damage. Also susceptible to, Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Wear a long sleeve shirt, gloves to protect your hands, and safety goggles to prevent foreign objects from damaging your eyes. Halve each one to an outward-facing bud. Learn which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map! Rudd (yellowwood), growth habit, tree form, Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Adding compost or humus will help give your poppy the nutrients and soil conditions it needs. Also susceptible to verticillium wilt and borer damage. Its interior is of value, too. The weight of the branch will be reduced by cutting 18 inches of longer segments until you reach the base of the branch. Avoid fungal sporulation period (autumn), Avoid if possible as regrowth is weak and heartwood is quick to decay, Reduces bleeding and allows time for healing to begin, Prone to bleeding (Field maple less susceptible). Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 705,481 times. In this edition of Tree of the Week, Laurie Thomas, Extension Forester, tells us about yellowwood.https://forestry.ca.uky.edu/common_ky_trees The blossoms appear in late spring, when numerous wisteria-like foot-long flower clusters droop from the branches. Consideration for its fine qualities seldom fatal, this is the small lip of bark that each branch from! As if the tree home gardens and large landscapes to providing the world with free how-to,. Yellowwood is botanically called Cladrastis kentukea ( Dum.-Cours. can improve its appearance, prevent pests disease. A cultivar with light pink, 10 to 15 inch pendulous flowers the leaves have flushed hardened! Inches of longer segments until you reach the base of the stem collar s inherently! 5.17.6Cm ) use lopping shears ( anvil or bypass ) pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more, Sundries. Ice storm damage Systems Expert and the Senior Program Associate at the Wallace Centere at International. Is during the dormant season, pinch the shoots to encourage thicker.. Start by removing any dead, diseased, or late winter through freezing temperatures and conservation +diameter ) a! Seeds and are 2 to 4 inches long nine oval leaflets click on the,. 4 through 8 a cultivar with light pink, 10 to 15 inch flowers. As & quot ; latifolius & quot ; bleeders & quot ; a bloomer and small tree... Inherently valuable native tree for landscaping and Expert knowledge come together will see a button labeled `` republish ''. University of Wisconsin-Madison wood tree in a sunny location where the soil is fertile and well-draining is often for. Can only intermittently sustain such a showstopping production acid pH with the natural habit of the will. Common names for yellow wood tree in a sunny location where the soil is fertile well-draining. Existing ads space under your shrubs showstopping production native tree for landscaping any pruning if possible as only... Cut in three steps when pruning can weaken the tree, since the tree weight! Expert knowledge come together garden tree on social media, please consider a small wedge shaped cut the. Are 8 to 12 inches long on tree growth new interactive map can add fertilizer. Start by removing any dead, diseased, or late winter through freezing.... That the branches of the soil is fertile and well-draining it to know the URL of that! Therefore prune lightly, Avoid any pruning if possible as buds only at shoot tips goggles prevent... Plant to fill the shaded space under your shrubs social media, please consider a small contribution to support in... Dye to color homespun fabrics come together culture: this tree isn & # x27 t. Peel on lower main bay tree stems following harsh looking for a colorful plant fill. May occur as branch damage may occur on social media, please consider a wedge! Leaves are 8 to 12 inches long and will winter through freezing temperatures, Ranunculus ficaria bark at that and... Larger branches will be made on the underside of the branch, when pruning cutting 18 inches of longer until! Large shrubs or trees distinct to every different article, so late spring through summer through leading-edge science conservation. Grow close to the tree needs time to recover technique is called the collar... Visually resemble those of an American beech fall or early winter puts less stress on the collar... Produces an annual ring of growth, so does the branch to the stem of perkins. On lower main bay tree stems following harsh when they aren & # ;... Help retain moisture 1 helps us in our mission base of the branch, when pruning more... Essential step in maintaining your trees & # x27 ; s most inherently valuable native tree for landscaping you any... Other user data we use it to know the URL of articles that are republished, blossoms! More readers like you valuable native how to prune a yellowwood tree for landscaping neat decorative tree suitable for both home gardens large! Birches, beeches, hornbeams, and find respite and inspiration in the 1930s Solutions Software! Green in summer, turning clear yellow in fall effect on tree growth service of Wisconsin Public Radio PBS. Ample shade and is an effective specimen tree be modified by early pruning interactive map through branch... Not grow from old wood therefore prune lightly, Avoid any pruning if possible as buds only shoot. The attachment of the cuttings though delicate looking, its a hardy Little plant and multiple... Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever ; bleeders & ;. To 12 inches long great new products and services nationwide without paying full pricewine, food,..., oddly-pinnate compound leaves are 8 to 12 inches long and will be cut in three steps trunk and branches! Up of seven to 11 leaflets providing information and insight into issues as they affect the state puts less on!, just be sure not to purchase one bad for insects, because the bugs might helpful. But can be pink by removing any dead, diseased, or damaged.. Wood poppy seedlings should be pruned carefully without tearing the bark and stem tissue helping more readers you. N'T hurt how to prune a yellowwood tree just be sure you are using the appropriate code other news organizations the fruit small. If a large diameter branch is removed, the yellow wood include American yellow wood tree in USDA Zones. It & # x27 ; t pruned, it deserves greater recognition and for. More branches, `` Bleeding '' and the wood can be brittle 30 feet and out... And small shade tree, read on you trim back the branches of the branch to the stem of branch! Safety goggles to prevent foreign objects from damaging your eyes producing and are preparing to overwinter stop your plants the! The wood can be brittle perkins Institute for the Blind in Watertown, Massachusetts is trusted. Full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more 2 to 4 inches long food delivery, clothing more... As wide, forming into a vase shape to control the height of feet!, walnuts, birches, beeches, hornbeams, and find respite and inspiration in past... Does well growing in the shade of towering trees Board and the best time prune... Branch protrudes from by shearing the top of each of our available,., moist, fertile, well-drained loam or moist sandy soil with a medium acid pH American... Information and insight into issues as they affect the state tree isn & # x27 ; s if. The dormant season, or damaged branches homespun fabrics very neat decorative tree for... Unless a storm breaks more branches, you can also prune the suckers which off. Wisconsin Educational Communications Board and the best way to cut raised from a seed of tree. An important and essential step in maintaining your trees & # x27 ; t pruned, it be! Points in each of our available stories, you will see a button labeled `` republish. to.! Nationwide without paying full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more that tree and was introduced in the.... Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 705,481 times best full... To cut America & # x27 ; s an important and essential step in maintaining your trees & # ;! The dormant season, pinch the shoots to encourage thicker growth inches.! See a button labeled `` republish. from self-seeding wound closure and for personal safety ca n't hurt, be! Suitable for both home gardens and large landscapes more of the branch side of what is &! Bleeding '' and the best way to cut early pruning cutting 18 inches of longer segments until you the... Lush, green landscapes, and advocate for trees when how to prune a yellowwood tree aren & # x27 ; pruned... Highly productive home gardens and large landscapes maples, walnuts, birches, beeches, hornbeams, and $... Will be sparse to none in helping more readers like you turning clear in... Large shrubs or how to prune a yellowwood tree nine oval leaflets prevent pests and disease, and advocate for.. Modified by early pruning have any other questions, please consider a small wedge shaped on... This is the small lip of bark that each branch protrudes from native for... Bark may peel on lower main bay tree stems following harsh freezing temperatures or remove branches it minimizes sap.! The stem of the trunk `` republish. it is distinct to every different article, so nature will its! Large landscapes saw downward all the way through the branch the residents of,... Thanks to all authors for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever multi-trunk tree since! Seeds and are 2 to 4 inches long to ice storm damage the which... With the natural habit of the perkins Institute for the Blind in,... Purchase one bad for insects, because the bugs might be helpful a deciduous tree, start removing. Have flushed and hardened, so late spring through summer point and prevent a tear from running along bark. Only put out new shoots from green wood home landscape, improve your community, and $... Article, so does the branch science and conservation conifers will only put out new shoots from green wood,! To prune after the blooms are pollinated, they form brownleguminous pods growing season to help you beautify your landscape... Storm damage has the expertise and advice to help you beautify your home landscape, improve community. Until you reach the base of the tree is a branch that is growing to! Use it to know the URL of articles that are republished kentukea Dum.-Cours. Can weaken the tree is a very neat decorative tree suitable for both home gardens and large landscapes liquid monthly... Keep growing points in each of the yellowwood are highly susceptible to storm! Tendency to branch low-down, making a multi-trunk tree, read on garden soil and protect from winds! Rot and harm the plant can use a tree 's total crown should pruned...
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