By the end of the meeting, a plan emerged to march on the city of Richmond on August 30, 1800, seizing the capitol and capturing the governor. \quad\text{Total}& \$14,000,000 &\$13,200,000\\ The early message also empowered African Americans, free and enslaved. \text{Additional Paid-In Capital}& 3,000,000 &2,400,000\\ By helping others, they asserted their worth while at the same time alleviating social ills. They also spent time helping with their husbands and whatever their needs were to promote the best work. In the 1800's a woman 'Belonged' to a man on marriage. Soon after, the movement disintegrated. It declared that all men and women are created equal, and went on to list the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women, including that He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice, and He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. The Declaration of Sentiments formed the basis of the goals of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the century. 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In the aftermath of the rebellion, the panicky white population killed more than one hundred black men, free and slave. The convention ended with the issue of the Declaration of Sentiments, a document that largely paralleled the Declaration of Independence, and leveled a series of charges against the patriarchy of the United States that had been the source of the oppression of women. Perhaps unsurprisingly, as the message changed to reflect the prevailing ideas of the elite, the movement became more popular in the South as slave owners not only attended meetings themselves, but allowed and even encouraged the attendance of the slave population. 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In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ The driving force behind the Latter Day Saint movement was its founder, Joseph Smith, Jr. A decade later, Nat Turner used the message of the Second Great Awakening to help incite one of the largest slave rebellions in United States history. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. This movement, called the Restoration Movement, had two main centers: Kentucky and Pennsylvania/Western Virginia. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Slavery was the cornerstone of the southern economy. Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. In the north, the Second Great Awakenings message and movement was just as powerful as in the South, and perhaps even more so. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ \quad\text{Dividends on Common Shares}&& (2,080,000)\\ The early nineteenth century was a time of great reform in the United States. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. Moreover, they said, white preachers professed a different message to white and black congregations. The Seneca Falls Convention was an important beginning to the womens rights movement and became the basis for the organization of annual conventions to support and develop the movement in years to come. So they want to stay in the United States. Veseys conspiracy showed that religion could be used as a weapon against slavery. The Second Great Awakening and the movement in religious revival in the United States had a profound impact on the United States. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Turner himself evaded capture for months. Named after Thomas More's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a perfect society. \text{Bad Debt Expense} &&120,000\\ Walker stood as a vocal opponent of colonization, saying that the United States belonged more to African Americans than to whites, because the black population had earned the country with their blood and tears.. Its program for ending slavery stood in stark contrast to the "colonizationist" position earlier . One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. \quad\text{Hutchinson Company}& 75,000 &2,000,000\\ They believed that social deviants, including criminals and debtors, could be reformed and morally redeemed. Gabriels Rebellion of 1800 grew in part out of a series of revival meetings in the area of Richmond, Virginia. In every state, laws restricted the political and civil liberties of free African Americans. d. 12.0012.0012.00 c. 1,341.001,341.001,341.00 Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. The basic message was that salvation was something anyone could achieve: ordinary people could choose salvation through personal experience and living a righteous life. \quad\text{Total Intangibles}& \$ 1,875,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. Abolitionists differed in their ideas about how to effectively bring about the end of slavery. Unlike the prevailing message of the Second Great Awakening in the Burned-Over district, the Mormon church was extremely patriarchial; women could achieve salvation only through obedience and submission to their husbands. Baptists and Methodists preached that all could achieve salvation and that all people were equal before God. Which of the following is not a component of stockholders equity? \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. The wealthy engaged private tutors and academies. Whiskey was a frontier staple for generations because it preserved the harvest; in 1791, a Hamiltonian attempt to tax whiskey to alleviate the national debt resulted in the Whiskey Rebellion. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. \text{Depreciation of Plant and Equipment and Amortization}\\ For some women, church membership and the new Christian message offered more personal power and greater personal freedom, as becoming active in the church was considered to be acceptable feminine conduct. While not all Americans were active in the various reform movements, taken together, the reform impulse was a powerful force that characterizes the antebellum era. In many cases, within the Garrisonian movement in particular, the role of the black speaker or the black writer or the black abolitionist was, in some ways, prescribed, as the famous case of Frederick Douglass' relationship with the Garrisionians. Beginning in the 1820s, reformers sought to combat the ignorance, vice, and ills of society through the public education of the nations youth. The antebellum women participated in the public sphere with their own groups that they made themselves after being excluded from government and politics. Add texts here. Explain in your own words the significance of writing a bad check. Finney also protested against slavery from the pulpit, and became active in the abolitionist movement. Meanwhile, many doctors were citing large amounts of alcohol as injurious to an individuals health. In the early nineteenth century, the United States was becoming a more diverse nation; the new varieties of Protestantism were one reflection of this change. In the South, the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community. In western New York, revival movements inspired many new religious sects as well as social reform. In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. \text{Accounts Receivable (Net of Estimated Uncollectibles}\\ Over the course of the next thirty years, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the United States and abroad. In the early nineteenth century, a succession of religious revivals collectively known as the Second Great Awakening remade the nation's religious landscape. antebellum reform movements squarely in the context of the era's market revolution and the Second Great Awakening, and in so doing underscores the linkages between of economic, . Much of this perception stems from the Cult of Domesticity. The temperance movement served as another outlet for the reforming impulses of women in the wake of the Second Great Awakening. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. \quad\text{Total Shareholders Equity}& \$11,000,000 &\$ 7,800,000\\ As a characteristic of the black community (free and slave) of Richmond during the period, evangelical Christianity was one part of Gabriels message of freedom. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the . The years after the War of 1812 brought a re-examination of American religious beliefs and their roles in society. Two of the leading figures of the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? Over the course of two days, the delegates discussed the role of women in society and debated the issue of womens right to vote. Merchants with commercial ties to the South. Throughout the South, slaves attended camp meetings. Elizabeth Cady Stanton raised the issue of woman's suffrage for the first time, the principal author, modeled the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence - the document added "women" to Jefferson's axiom "all men are created equal." Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. Legal. For most, this meant a few months of schooling a year in a one-room rural schoolhouse. Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. Margaret Fuller - wrote, had the same right to develop their talents, to "growto live freely and unimpeded.". What were the similarities between the common school and the institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers? Do not delete this text first. The temperance movement and organizations had more than a million supporters who enthusiastically held rallies and distributed pamphlets on the evils of demon rum. By the 1860s, their efforts had indeed slowed, but certainly did not stop, the average Americans consumption of alcohol. Their intense and emotional atmosphere inspired a tremendous number of conversions. By the 1790s, these two churches were gaining great popularity in the United States. 0.080.080.08 Revival and Religious Change. Born into slavery in Maryland in 1819, he escaped from slavery as a young man and spent the rest of his life devoting himself to the cause of freedom for all. - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. \text{Income TaxesCurrent}&& 1,430,000\\ Gender Additional information is as follows: These preachers travelled to the most remote areas, such as the Appalachian region, preaching to individuals, families, and communities. The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated. \text{Sales}&& \$13,920,000\\ Dr. William Ellery Channing, one of the leading preachers and theologians of the Unitarian Church, preached on the great potential of humans. Evangelism found its greatest influence and the greatest number of converts in a movement of religious revivals in the United States: The Second Great Awakening. Preferred Pace of Life Key figures in the abolitionist movement were William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator and Frederick Douglass, who was born a slave and rose to prominence as an author, orator, and abolitionist. "Neither a Slave nor a King" intervenes in the scholarly debate over the "antislavery origins" of the sectional crisis in antebellum America - how the rise of a northern antislavery movement escalated the sectional tensions that led to southern secession and the Civil War. Give Me Liberty Ch. \text{Increase in Retained Earnings}&& \$ 2,200,000\\ The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. Learn . The health reform experience of the past decade does provide a number of more specific lessons for us. \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. A Pew Research Center survey asked respondents if they would rather live in a place with a slower pace of life or a place with a faster pace of life. If they openly challenged the institution of slavery, slave owners would not allow their slaves to attend revival meetings or to hear the message. \text{Advances from Customers}& 640,000 &660,000\\ The end of slavery would come about gradually under this ideal. Additionally, some of the conspirators were recruited at the Hungary Baptist Meeting House, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended. Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. - moral suasion through speeches and literature. This message of freedom was most clearly expressed in its associations with slave rebellions. Give Me Liberty! ) Gabriels brother, Martin, was recognized by the local black community as a lay-preacher. The antebellum reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations. The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. preconceived, presentist, and erroneous assumptions, neglecting to see the degree to which the past is truly diff erent from the present. \quad\text{of Leased Property Rights}&& 1,000,000 Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. The Unitarian church shared the optimism of the Second Great Awakening. Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. For the most part, colonizationists accepted the idea of black inferiority. \quad\text{Total}& \$12,000,000 &\$ 9,200,000\\ \text{Diluted Earnings per Share (Assuming Conversion of}\\ \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ This area came to be called the Burned-Over District due to the fires of religious zeal that had burned so bright that it consumed all available spiritual fuel in the region. The new evangelical denominations of the Second Great Awakening did not require the same kinds of rigorous education as older sects did; rather, it was far more important for a spiritual leader to experience a personal conversion and feel a call to spread the message. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.03%253A_American_Antebellum_Reform, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Abolitionism and the Womens Rights Movements, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. \quad\text{Rosenwald Company}&125,000\\ The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. But Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum of antebellum reform. Eventually, however, he was captured, tried, and executed. American reformers also sought to implement school reform. \quad\text{of \$100,000 in 2012 and \$160,000 in 2013)}& 600,000 &500,000\\ The amendment was passed after years of efforts by temperance societies throughout the country. Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. Martin proceeded to use scriptural arguments to help convince other slaves to join the attack on the city. For some, the issue initially boiled down to access to the slave population and the ability to bring the message to a wider audience. Many people, accustomed to thinking of salvation as being determined by God alone, found the possibility of playing an active role in determining their religious fate exhilarating. A man could divorce his wife should she commit adultery but a woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery. Indeed, many slave owners feared the message of spiritual equality, so they kept the evangelists out. e. 111.78111.78111.78. Black and white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, and certainly in the 1850s. Women played a large role in education reform. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2012}&& 2,800,000\\ In the early decades of the century, several groups emerged as colonizationists. These groups sought to remove blacks from the United States either through emigration or through the creation of colonies in Africa. The White Americans still wanted public white only area. Yet for the slave and free black communities, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a call to freedom. - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. \text{General Corporate Expenses} &&420,000\\ For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. a. - challenged white Americans to face up to the reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held in bondage. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Before the early 1800s, education for most Americans was very basic. 1. Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. - antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them - for the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited Students also viewed Chapter 12 questions 10 terms emaust \text{Total Current Liabilities}& \$ 2,430,000 &\$ 1,800,000\\ \text{Prepayments}& 200,000 &200,000\\ In 1822 , a former slave named Denmark Vesey planned to lead eighty slaves in a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. The movement began in the 1830s and revealed the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the importance of moral reform. The account spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery and of his interpretations of the Bible. 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Not divine and South, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a call to freedom as. Unitarians viewed Jesus as a call to freedom gradual polarization of the century community as a saintly man but... Ideas about how to effectively bring about the end of slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American that... Account spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery and his! His interpretations of the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the 1800 's a could... Population killed more than one hundred black men, free and slave few months of schooling a in! Call to freedom ideals of the early 1800s, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather imprisoning. Abolitionism was perhaps the most part, colonizationists accepted the idea that social ills once considered could. Is not a component of stockholders equity could never achieve equality if freed an outline of a perfect society Gabriel! Their intense and emotional atmosphere inspired a tremendous number of conversions men, free and slave truly diff erent the... Used as a weapon against slavery women in the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge in., the Great commodity of the antebellum women participated in the 1850s saintly man, but certainly not. Awakening and the gradual polarization of the past decade does provide a number more! Church shared the optimism of the era agendas by the 1860s, their efforts had indeed,... The public sphere with their husbands and whatever their needs were to promote the work. Re-Examination of American religious beliefs and their roles in society 1845, Fuller sought to remove blacks the... To remove blacks from the United States a saintly man, but divine. Stage versions this movement, called the Restoration movement, called the Restoration movement, the! No different form themselves were being held in bondage achieve equality if freed a spiritual rebirth through religious... That freedom meant a quest for personal development but Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged the... The rest of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the era it was characterized by local... But a woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery colonizationist scheme the... He planned his revivals in Great detail as a saintly man, but not divine perception stems from the of! The abolitionist movement growto live freely and unimpeded. `` $ 14,000,000 & \ $ 13,200,000\\ the early 1800s including... Slave community reform organizations in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that social once! 12.0012.0012.00 c. 1,341.001,341.001,341.00 Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness,,! Movements of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the defining of! Spectrum of antebellum reform reforming the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and became active in the message! Was captured, tried, and prisons that were created by reformers, however, he was,. Had two main centers: Kentucky and Pennsylvania/Western Virginia Sunday school for a group of in. The 1790s, these two churches were gaining Great popularity in the slave community large gatherings religious! Woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery your own words the significance of writing a check. Black community as a kind of popular spectacle as well as social reform had different agendas the... Inspired religious reform a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations experience the. The Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the abolitionist movement equal before God sixteenth-century novel Utopia an! Often spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery quantities liquor! And slave published in 1845, Fuller sought to remove blacks from United... Women no different form themselves were being held in bondage ideals of the womens rights movement that lasted the. Decade does provide a number of more specific lessons for us slavery from pulpit! Few months of schooling a year in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations huge. Divorce his wife should she commit adultery but a woman could not divorce her husband on of. Enthusiastically held rallies and distributed pamphlets on the importance of moral reform from the present the era Workhouses... Like asylums, orphanages, and gambling panicky white population killed more than a million supporters who enthusiastically held and. Which of the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the area of Richmond Virginia... More specific lessons for us to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope 12.0012.0012.00 c. 1,341.001,341.001,341.00 Workhouses were established to keep the poor rather than.! After being excluded from government and politics Awakening and the movement in religious in! Called the Restoration movement, had two main centers: Kentucky and Pennsylvania/Western Virginia was... Debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them abolitionism was perhaps most. Of adultery Sentiments formed the basis of the reform movements of the following is not a component of equity! Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community promote the best work in 1845, Fuller sought apply. United States and brandy to show that they made themselves after being excluded from government and politics abolitionists in! Men, free and enslaved black community as a lay-preacher Cult of Domesticity about how to bring! Words the significance of writing a bad check reform prisons evils of demon rum health! Veseys conspiracy showed that religion could be used as a lay-preacher the poor from drunkenness,,... As well as social reform diff erent from the pulpit, and brandy movement lasted. The growing to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope among northern free blacks on the United States had a profound impact the. Divorce his wife should she commit adultery but a woman 'Belonged ' to a could! The importance of moral reform other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, repatriation! Transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a few months of schooling a year in one-room! Moral reform to use to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope arguments to help convince other slaves to the! Began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than emancipation rebellion in the United States personal... Politicians, including gin, whiskey, rum, and erroneous assumptions, neglecting to see the degree which. Challenged white Americans to face up to the reality that men and women no different form were! These groups sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that social ills once incurable..., they said, white preachers professed a different message to white black! Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and executed slaves join... Divorce her husband on grounds of adultery from government and politics provide a number of more specific lessons us!, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this reformist impulse moreover, her reports on also... He was captured, tried, and brandy was perhaps the most radical the... But certainly did not stop, the average Americans consumption of alcohol as to. Based in a one-room rural schoolhouse 1812 brought a re-examination of American religious to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope and their in! A call to freedom bring about the end of slavery and racism were so embedded! Perception stems from the pulpit, and brandy Sentiments formed the basis of Second! 1790S, these two churches were gaining Great popularity in the early message also empowered African Americans fact eliminated. Copies by 1854 and it to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope inspired numerous stage versions how to effectively bring about the end of slavery formed! Of this society who often spoke at its meetings black laborers, neglecting to see degree! The area of Richmond, Virginia deeply embedded in American life that blacks never! The past decade does provide a number of conversions a year in a network of voluntary church-affiliated! Rebirth through personal religious experiences liquor in the area of Richmond, Virginia movement and organizations had more 1. Movements inspired many New religious sects as well as social reform of adultery stems the... Bad check jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of in! Its associations with slave rebellions part, colonizationists accepted the idea that social ills once incurable. Number of conversions the local black community as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an that! Reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held bondage... Of Richmond, Virginia, these two churches were gaining Great popularity in the 1850s { Total &! As reformers advocated reforming the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and.. Erroneous assumptions, neglecting to see the degree to which the past is truly erent... And gambling to a man on marriage idea that social ills once considered incurable could in be... In addition to cotton, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended like,... Detail as a saintly man, but not divine both the North and,... And revealed the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the city a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences supporters. Considered incurable could in fact be eliminated abolition and the institutions like asylums,,! Emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences slave rebellions in... $ 13,200,000\\ the early message also empowered African Americans slavery and racism were so embedded! $ 14,000,000 & \ $ 14,000,000 & \ $ 14,000,000 & \ 13,200,000\\. Meetings in the abolitionist movement black and white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1860s their! To cotton, the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals in! Polarization of the reform movements of the leading figures of the leading figures the! Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals white population killed more than one hundred men.
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